How old is old enough to walk alone?

For Virginia mother Karyann Parkinson, the answer was 5.

On June 5, she let her 5-year-old son, Samuel, walk half a mile to a pond in their gated community to collect goose feathers, a route she says he knows well and that they had just done together. The outing ultimately led to a criminal conviction and her placement on the state’s child-abuse and neglect registry.

Parkinson has become the latest inadvertent symbol of a growing movement that believes children need more independence. Her conviction has reignited a debate over how much freedom kids should have and how much government oversight is appropriate in parenting. It’s also placed a spotlight on free range parenting, a philosophy that emphasizes free play, increased independence and limited parental intervention.